Effectiveness of arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel for posterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion fracture in adults / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effectiveness of arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial insertion fractures in adults.@*METHODS@#Between October 2019 and October 2021, 16 patients with PCL tibial insertion fractures were treated with arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel. There were 11 males and 5 females with an average age of 41.1 years (range, 26-58 years). The fractures were caused by traffic accident in 12 cases and sports in 4 cases. The time from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 10 days with an average of 6.0 days. The fractures were classified as Meyers-McKeever type Ⅱ in 4 cases and type Ⅲ in 9 cases, and Zaricznyi type Ⅳ in 3 cases. There were 2 cases of grade Ⅰ, 7 cases of grade Ⅱ, and 7 cases of grade Ⅲ in the posterior drawer test. There were 3 cases combined with lateral collateral ligament injury and 2 cases with meniscus injury. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, and knee range of motion were used to evaluate knee joint function. The posterior drawer test and knee stability tester (Kneelax 3) were used to evaluate knee joint stability. The X-ray films were used to evaluate fracture reduction and healing.@*RESULTS@#All incisions healed by first intention after operation. There was no incision infection, popliteal neurovascular injury, or deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs. All patients were followed up 6-12 months, with an average of 10 months. X-ray films at 6 months after operation showed the fractures obtained bone union. There were 11 cases of grade 0, 4 cases of gradeⅠ, and 1 case of grade Ⅱin posterior drawer test, showing significant difference when compared with preoperative results ( Z=23.167, P<0.001). The VAS score, Lysholm score, IKDC score, knee range of motion, and the results of Kneelax3 examination all significantly improved when compared with preoperative results ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For adult patients with PCL tibial insertion fractures, the arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel has the advantages of minimal trauma, good fracture reduction, reliable fixation, and fewer complications. The patient's knee joint function recovers well.

A comparative study of absorbable screw fixation and absorbable screw combined with suture anchor fixation in treatment of avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament at tibial insertion of knee joint / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effectiveness of open reduction of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fracture at tibial insertion of knee joint with absorbable screws fixation and absorbable screw combined with suture anchor fixation.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 26 patients with PCL avulsion fracture at tibial insertion who met the selection criteria between March 2015 and October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 14 patients were fixed with simple absorbable screw (group A), and 12 patients were fixed with absorbable screw combined with suture anchors (group B). All patients were confirmed by X-ray film, CT, or MRI preoperatively, and got positive results in preoperative posterior drawer tests. There was no significant difference in gender, age, side of affected limb, time from injury to operation, comorbidities, and preoperative Meyers & McKeever classification, Lysholm score, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score between the two groups ( P>0.05). The operation time and postoperative complications were recorded and compared between the two groups. At last follow-up, Lysholm score and IKDC score were used to evaluate the improvement of knee function.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in operation time between the two groups ( P>0.05). All incisions healed by first intention, and no complication such as vascular and nerve injury or venous thrombosis occurred. All 26 patients were followed up 9-89 months, with an average of 55.3 months. The follow-up time of group A and group B was (55.7±23.2) and (56.8±29.3) months, respectively, with no significant difference ( t=-0.106, P=0.916). Radiographs showed bone healing in both groups at 3 months after operation, and no complication such as infection and traumatic arthritis occurred. At last follow-up, the posterior drawer test was negative in both groups, and the Lysholm score and IKDC score significantly improved when compared with the pre-operative values ( P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the improvement value between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For PCL avulsion fracture at tibial insertion of the knee joint, the open reduction and absorbable screw combined with suture anchor fixation can achieve reliable fracture reduction and fixation, which is conducive to the early rehabilitation and functional exercise, and the postoperative functional recovery of the knee joint is satisfactory.

Pseudoaneurisma de la arteria poplítea: complicación en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior / Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Las lesiones vasculares en cirugía artroscópica corresponden a menos del 1% de todas las complicaciones. En la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior, dada la relación anatómica existente entre el mismo y las estructuras neurovasculares de la región poplítea, el riesgo de lesión de la arteria poplítea es alto, aunque infrecuente según lo informado en la literatura médica. Dado la baja incidencia de esta complicación, pero su potencial gravedad, presentamos un caso de un pseudoanerurisma de la arteria poplítea luego de la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado posterior. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de caso. Nivel de evidencia: IV.

Vascular lesions in arthroscopic surgery correspond to less than 1% of all complications. In the reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament, given the anatomical relationship between it and the neurovascular structures of the popliteal region, the risk of injury to the popliteal artery is high but infrequent as reported in the medical literature. Given the low incidence of this complication, but its potential severity, we present a case of a pseudoanerurysm of the popliteal artery after the arthroscopic reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. Type of study: Case report. Level of evidence: IV.

Reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado posterior con técnica de doble banda en 100 pacientes con una media de 3 años de seguimiento / Outcomes after double-bundle PCL reconstruction

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los resultados luego de una reconstrucción de doble banda del LCP (RLCP DB). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a una RLCP DB artroscópica primaria para las lesiones completas de LCP (Grado III), entre mayo de 2010 y marzo de 2015. Se realizaron valoraciones funcionales (Tegner, Lysholm, WOMAC, SF-12) y objetivas (radiografías de estrés tibial posterior) antes y a un mínimo de dos años después de la operación. RESULTADOS: Cien pacientes que se sometieron a RLCP DB se incluyeron en este estudio. El promedio de seguimiento para la cohorte de RLCP DB fue de 2.9 años (rango, 2- 6 años). Hubo una mejoría significativa de todos los parámetros funcionales (todos los valores p <0,001). La diferencia media de lado a lado (DLL) en la traslación tibial posterior en radiografías de estrés mejoró de 11,0 ± 3,5 mm antes de la cirugía a 1,6 ± 2,0 mm después de la operación (p <0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: Se observaron resultados funcionales y objetivos significativamente mejores después de una RLCP DB en un seguimiento promedio de 3 años, con bajas tasas de complicaciones, independientemente de la patología ligamentaria concomitante o el momento de la cirugía (agudo o crónico). Además, se obtuvieron resultados clínicos subjetivos y funcionales similares en comparación con las reconstrucciones aisladas del LCA. Tipo de estudio: Serie de Casos. Nivel de evidencia: II.

BACKGROUND: to report on the outcomes after double-bundle PCL reconstructions in isolated versus combined injuries and acute versus chronic PCL reconstructions. METHODS: All patients who underwent a primary endoscopic RPCL DB for complete PCL tears (Grade III) PCL tears between May 2010 and March 2015 were reviewed. Patient reported outcome scores (Tegner, Lysholm, WOMAC, SF-12) and objective posterior stress radiographs were collected preoperatively and at a minimum two-years postoperatively. RESULTS: One hundred patients who underwent RPCL DB were included in this study. The mean follow-up for the PCL cohort was 2.9 years (range, 2-6 years). All functional scores improved at last follow up (all p values <0.001). The mean side-to-side difference (DLL) in posterior tibial translation on kneeling stress radiographs improved from 11.0 ± 3.5 mm preoperatively to 1.6 ± 2.0 mm postoperatively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Significantly, improved functional and objective outcomes were observed after anatomic-based RPCL DB at a mean 3 years follow-up, with low complication rates, regardless of concomitant ligamentous pathology or timing to surgery. Additionally, contrary to previous reports, comparable subjective and functional clinical outcome were achieved compared to an isolated ACL reconstruction control cohort. Type Study: Case report. Level of evidence: II.

Rotura de ligamento cruzado posterior por avulsión tibial en deportistas de contacto esqueléticamente inmaduros. Presentación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Tibial avulsion of posterior cruciate ligament in athletes with open physis

Introducción: Dado lo infrecuente y la falta de consenso del tratamiento de niños y adolescentes con estas lesiones, decidimos redactar esta publicación con el objetivo de presentar un caso avulsión tibial de LCP en adolescente deportista de contacto con fisis abierta y realizar una revisión de la bibliografía publicada. Materiales y Métodos: RF. masculino, 13 años, rugby, sufre tackle francés y caída sobre rodillas en flexión. Consulta 3 meses post-trauma con gonalgia izquierda, derrame y limitación deportiva. Sin inestabilidad pero “no la siente bien”. Al examen cajón posterior ++/++++, test gravitacional+. Rx cajón posterior: 8 mm de diferencia entre ambas rodillas. RMN: avulsión tibial LCP. Se interpreta como lesión sintomática del LCP en deportista, se decide cirugía (artroscopia + abordaje posterior) con reinserción de fragmento condral en 1 tiempo. P.OP: sin carga 4 semanas. Calza de yeso en extensión 6 semanas, luego inmovilizador 3 meses y movilidad pasiva progresiva. Resultados: Logro movilidad 0-90° en 8ª semana. Al 3ª mes cajón Rx traslación posterior de 4 mm. RMN al 4ª mes reinserción de LCP con anclaje suprafisario. Sexto mes cajón posterior mínimamente alargado con tope neto, 11ª mes actividades deportivas recreativas y continúa fortalecimiento. Discusión y Conclusión: La mayoría de avulsiones de LCP en pacientes con fisis abiertas probablemente sea por mayor fuerza y resistencia del ligamento respecto fisis y hueso a esta edad. Debemos sospecharlo en pacientes con gonalgia vaga, con o sin inestabilidad, con antecedente traumático y Rx normal, siendo indispensable un correcto examen y RMN para su diagnóstico. Creemos que en deportistas con fisis abiertas, debido al riesgo de degeneración articular, se justifica la cirugía para restaurar la cinemática, evitar artrosis y retomar la actividad previa a la lesión. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de caso y Revisión bibliográfica. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introduction: Given the infrequency and lack of consensus in the treatment of children and adolescents with these injuries, we decided to write this report with the aim of present a case of PCL tibial avulsion in a contact athlete teen with open physis and a review of the literature published. Materials and Methods: RF. male, 13 years, rugby, suffers French tackle and fall on knees flexed. 3 months post-trauma consultation with left knee pain, joint fluid and sport limitation. Whidout instability but “not feeling well”. The posterior drawer test ++ / ++++, gravitational test +. Rx posterior drawer: 8mm difference between the two nenes. MRI: tibial avulsion PCL. We interpreted as symptomatic PCL injury in athletes, surgery (arthroscopy + posterior approach) is decided reintegration of chondral fragment in 1 time P.OP: no load 4 Weeks. Plaster wedge extension 6 weeks, then 3 months and passive immobilizer progressive mobility. Results: 0-90 mobility achieving in 8th week. The 3rd month drawer Rx 4 mm. MRI posterior translation of the 4th month reintegration of LCP with anchor. 6ª month later minimally elongated drawer with stop net. 11th month continuous strengthening recrearional and sports activities. Discussion and Conclusion: Most avulsion of PCL in patients with open physis probably be for greater strength and endurance ligament compared with the physis and bone at this age. We suspected in patients with vague knee pain, with or without instability, history of trauma and normal Rx a correct examination and MRI to be essential for diagnosis. We believe that athletes with open physis, because of the risk of joint degeneration, surgery is justified to restore kinematics, prevent osteoarthritis and resume activity prior to the injury. Type of study: Case report and literature review. Level of evidence: IV

Reconstrucción artroscópica con doble banda del ligamento cruzado posterior / Arthroscopic double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

En la actualidad, la comprensión de las opciones diagnósticas y de tratamiento para el ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) han evolucionado, dando lugar a resultados clínicos superiores. Asimismo, distintos autores han publicado resultados que varían desde buenos a excelentes tras el tratamiento no quirúrgico de lesiones aisladas del LCP. Sin embargo, datos recientes hacen referencia a la disminución de las puntuaciones clínicas y la aparición de artrosis precoz en lesiones aisladas severas o combinadas del LCP tratadas de forma conservadora. Por lo anteriormente mencionado se ha vuelto a considerar el tratamiento quirúrgico para muchas de estas lesiones. Durante la última década, se han realizado varios estudios para evaluar la eficacia de las reconstrucciones de simple versus doble banda. Sin embargo, la literatura no es concluyente con respecto a la superioridad de una técnica sobre la otra. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los principios básicos de la anatomía del LCP, su biomecánica, su diagnóstico y tratamiento, haciendo hincapié en la reconstrucción del LCP con doble banda femoral y tibial.

Currently, diagnostic understanding and treatment options for the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) have evolved, resulting in superior clinical outcomes. Also different authors have reported results ranging from good to excellent after nonsurgical treatment of isolated PCL injuries, but new studies refer to decreased clinical scores and early osteoarthritis in severe or combined isolated PCL injuries treated conservatively, prompting surgeons to consider operative intervention in many cases. Over the past decade, there have been several studies to assess the effectiveness of single versus double band reconstructions. However, the literature is inconclusive regarding the superiority of one technique over the other. The aim of this study was to review the basic principles of PCL anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis and treatment, emphasizing PCL reconstruction with double femoral and tibial band.

Uso do fixador externo articulado no tratamento cirúrgico da instabilidade multiligamentar crônica do joelho

INTRODUÇÃO: A instabilidade multiligamentar do joelho, normalmente, é provocada por um trauma que determina sua luxação, um evento pouco frequente, mas, que pode trazer sequelas devastadoras. Mesmo com o tratamento cirúrgico preconizado é alto o índice de complicações. A mobilização precoce no pósoperatório provoca afrouxamento dos ligamentos reconstruídos, o que leva à instabilidade residual. A imobilização melhora a estabilidade, mas provoca dor e rigidez. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar se o uso do fixador externo articulado proporciona melhora na mobilidade, estabilidade e na função subjetiva de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução ligamentar. MÉTODOS: Neste ensaio clínico randomizado com grupos paralelos, 33 pacientes do ambulatório do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo com mais que 3 semanas de lesão dos ligamentos cruzados anterior e posterior associado à lesão de ligamento colateral fibular e/ ou ligamento colateral tibial foram submetidos à cirurgia de reconstrução multiligamentar, após alocação cega aleatória ao grupo 0 - controle (18 pacientes), com órtese rígida ou ao grupo 1 - fixador externo articulado por 6 semanas (15 pacientes), no período entre novembro de 2010 e novembro de 2013. Após seguimento mínimo de um ano de pós-operatório, a estabilidade dos ligamentos reconstruídos foi avaliada ao exame físico, foram mensurados os déficits de extensão e de flexão residual em relação ao joelho contralateral não acometido e foi aplicado o questionário específico para sintomas do joelho de Lysholm...

NTRODUCTION: Multiligament knee instability is normally caused by a trauma which results in its dislocation, an infrequent event, but one which can have devastating aftereffects. Even with the recommended surgical treatment the rate of complications is high. Early post-operative mobilization provokes loosening of the reconstructed ligaments, which leads to residual instability. Immobilization improves the stability, but causes pain and stiffness. This study aims to assess whether the use of an articulated external fixator provides improvements in the mobility, stability and the subjective function of the patients submitted to ligament reconstruction. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial with parallel groups, 33 patients of the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Sao Paulo with more than 3 weeks of injury to the anterior cruciate ligaments and the posterior cruciate ligaments associated with injury to the fibular collateral ligament and/or medial collateral ligament, were submitted to multiligament reconstruction surgery, after blind random allocation to either: Group 0 - control (18 patients), with rigid bracing, or to Group 1 - articulated external fixator for 6 weeks (15 patients), in the period from November, 2010 to November 2013. The stability of the reconstructed ligaments were assessed after 1 year postoperatively by physical examination, the deficit of residual extension and flexion was measured in relation to the unaffected contralateral knee and the Lysholm knee scoring scale questionnaire was applied...

Rotura del ligamento cruzado posterior. Fijación cortical tibial retrógrada / Rupture of posterior cruciate ligament. Retrograde cortical tibial fixation

Las dificultades que plantean las técnicas empleadas en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior motivan esta presentación. El objetivo es describir la técnica actual y analizar retrospectivamente el resultado final. Materiales y Métodos: Se presentan 110 pacientes con diagnóstico de rotura del ligamento cruzado posterior de tipos II y III, operados con distintas técnicas. Se incluyen 96 reconstrucciones en las cuales fue posible evaluar retrospectivamente el cajón posterior radiográfico al alta. Se excluyeron 14 pacientes que no reunían este criterio. Resultados: El cajón posterior radiográfico al alta tuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Pv <0,001) entre la técnica presentada y las otras realizadas habitualmente como injerto hueso-tendón-hueso monofascículo fijado con dos tornillos de interferencia e injerto semitendinoso-recto interno cuádruple, fijado con tornillos de interferencia en el fémur y la tibia. Conclusiones: La reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior con esta técnica ha simplificado la cirugía, se acortó el tiempo quirúrgico y, por eso, permite realizar reconstrucciones ligamentarias simultáneas. El cajón posterior radiográfico final ha mejorado objetivamente. Nivel de Evidencia: III...

Difficulties arising from reconstruction techniques of posterior cruciate ligament are widely known. The objective is to describe our retrograde tibial fixation technique, and analyze retrospectively if the final result has improved. Methods: One hundred and ten patients with diagnosis of types II and III posterior cruciate ligament rupture, who were operated on with different techniques. In 96 reconstructions X-ray posterior drawer was retrospectively evaluated. Fourteen patients who did not meet this criterion were excluded. Results: X-ray posterior drawer at discharge showed statistically significant differences (Pv <0.001) between our technique and other commonly used techniques, such as bone-patellar tendon-bone and quadrupled hamstrings fixed with screws in femur and tibia. Conclusions: Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with this technique has simplified the surgery, surgical time was reduced and therefore it is possible to perform other simultaneous ligament reconstructions. Final X-ray posterior drawer has objectively improved. Level of Evidence: III...

Suture Bridge Fixation Technique for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Avulsion Fracture

We presented a surgical technique including a suture bridge technique with relatively small incision for the reduction and fixation of posterior ligament avulsion fractures. A suture anchor was used to hold the avulsed fragment and a knotless anchor was used to continuously compress the bony fragment into the fracture site, thereby maintaining reduction during healing.

Evaluación de la técnica y resultados de la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado posterior a simple banda / Arthroscopic single bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Surgical evaluation and results

Introducción: El tratamiento de las lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP), sigue siendo controvertido. Es el ligamento intra-articular más grande y fuerte de la rodilla, comprendido por dos haces: un haz antero-lateral (AL) que se tensa durante la flexión y un haz postero-medial (PM), que se tensa durante la extensión y es menos resistente al desgarro. La lesión aislada del LCP es relativamente poco común, representa aproximadamente un 3 % del total de las lesiones ligamentarias agudas de rodilla. Tradicionalmente tratadas sin cirugía, han demostrado resultados favorables. La mejor comprensión de la anatomía y propiedades biomecánica del LCP han llevado a un mayor ímpetu de optar por la reconstrucción. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar la utilidad de la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado posterior a simple banda reproduciendo el haz antero-lateral en lesiones aisladas del LCP. Materiales y Método: Entre el 2008 y el 2012, fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente un total de 17 pacientes en nuestra institución con lesiones aisladas del ligamento cruzado posterior a los que se les realizó una reconstrucción artroscópica a simple banda AL trans-tibial del LCP Reporte serie de casos, nivel de evidencia IV. Resultados: Catorce pacientes (82,3) obtuvieron un score de IKDC de 90 puntos, y retomaron las actividades deportivas o vigorosas, manteniendo la estabilidad al último control. Conclusión: Creemos que la estabilización quirúrgica está indicada en aquellos pacientes con lesión aislada del LCP, con síntomas de inestabilidad, y la reconstrucción artroscópica a simple banda trans-tibial es una técnica reproducible, con resultados satisfactorios, con una baja tasa de morbilidad y que no pierde estabilidad con el tiempo...

Refuerzos en lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior / Reinforcement in posterior cruciate ligament injuries

Las lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior continúan siendo un desafío para el cirujano. El tratamiento precoz de las mismas ha mostrado mejores resultados. Aprovechar el importante poder de cicatrización del mismo, la colocación de un injerto como refuerzo, sumado a los remanentes intactos que también actuaran como estructura y el hecho de evitar la elongación progresiva de las estructuras capsulares serían factores importantes para mejorar los resultados.

Posterior cruciate ligament injuries still represent a challenge for the surgeon. Early treatment of them had showed better results. The use of a graft as an augmentation, the important healing capability of the PCL, preservation of intact fibers acting as a scaffold and the fact of avoiding capsular stretching may be important factors to improve results.

Posterior cruciate ligament injury: characteristics and associations of most frequent injuries / Lesoes do ligamento cruzado posterior: caracteristicas e associacoes mais frequentes

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and combinations of PCL injuries and their correlations with the mechanism, the occurrence of evident dislocation and associated fracture. METHOD: A retrospective study of 85 lesions of PCL operated between 2003 and 2010. Diagnosis by physical examination and dynamic radiography, compared with surgical findings. RESULTS: Injuries involving the PCL were more prevalent in men (78.8%) with a mean age of 33 years. The main cause was traffic accidents (73.80%), and (49.4%) motorcycle. Isolated PCL injury occurred in (15.3%) cases, and combined (84.7%). Among the isolated lesions, bone avulsions were nine (10.6%). The most associated PCL injuries were the ACL (48.2%), followed by LCL PCL/PLC (22.4%). Fractures were more associated with combining PCL + LCL/PLC injuries and did not appear in the PCL + MCL/PMC. Complications beyond fractures: peripheral nerve injury (4.8%) and vascular (1.2%). Evident dislocation in primary care (16.7%) was more prevalent in combined ACL + PCL + MCL/PMC (44.4%). Half the patients were operated during the acute phase. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) comparing each combination of ligament injuries with the presence of fracture, dislocation or clear mechanism of injury. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of PCL injuries in a center for orthopedic trauma care was mostly multiligament and mainly involving the ACL. A significant association was seen between the type of injury with mechanism of injury, presentation of the knee, if dislocated or reduced, and the presence of associated fracture. .

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a prevalência das lesões do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) e suas combinações e correlações com o mecanismo e a ocorrência de luxação evidente e fratura associada. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 85 lesões do LCP operadas entre 2003 e 2010. Diagnóstico por meio do exame físico e da radiografia dinâmica, confrontados com achados cirúrgicos. RESULTADOS: Lesões que envolveram o LCP foram mais prevalentes nos homens (78,8%) com média de idade de 33 anos. A causa principal foi o acidente de trânsito (73,80%), dos quais 49,4% de motocicleta. Lesão isolada do LCP ocorreu em 15,3% dos casos e combinada em 84,7%. Dentre as lesões isoladas, nove foram avulsões ósseas (10,6%). O ligamento mais associado às lesões do LCP foi o cruzado anterior (48,2%), seguido da lesão combinada do LCP com o ligamento colateral lateral/canto póstero-lateral (22,4%). Fraturas estiveram mais associadas à combinação LCP + LCL/CPL e não apareceram nas lesões do LCP + ligamento colateral medial/canto póstero-medial. Complicações além de fraturas: lesão de nervo periférico (4,8%) e vascular (1,2%). Luxação evidente no primeiro atendimento (16,7%), mais prevalente na combinação LCP + LCA + LCM/CPM (44,4%). Metade dos pacientes foi operada na fase aguda. Houve diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,05) na comparação de cada combinação de lesões de ligamentos com a presença de fratura, luxação evidente ou mecanismo do trauma. CONCLUSÃO: Lesões do LCP submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico em centro de atenção ao trauma ortopédico foram na sua maioria multiligamentares e envolveram principalmente o LCA. Houve associação significativa entre o tipo ...

Remnant Preservation is Helpful to Obtain Good Clinical Results in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Comparison of Clinical Results of Three Techniques

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical results of 3 posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques according to the time from injury to surgery and remnant PCL status and to evaluate the efficiency of each technique. METHODS: The records of 89 patients who underwent primary PCL reconstructions with a posterolateral corner sling were analyzed retrospectively. Thirty-four patients were treated by anterolateral bundle (ALB) reconstruction with preservation of the remnant PCL using a transtibial tunnel technique in the acute and subacute stages of injury (group 1). Forty patients were treated with remnant PCL tensioning and an ALB reconstruction using the modified inlay technique in the chronic stage (group 2), and fifteen patients were treated with double-bundle reconstruction using the modified inlay technique (group 3). The double-bundle reconstruction was performed if there was a very weak or no PCL remnant. RESULTS: The mean side-to-side differences in posterior tibial translation on the stress radiographs were reduced from 10.1 +/- 2.5 mm in group 1, 10.6 +/- 2.4 mm in group 2, and 12.8 +/- 3.2 mm in group 3 preoperatively to 2.3 +/- 1.4 mm in group 1, 2.3 +/- 1.5 mm in group 2, and 4.0 +/- 2.5 mm in group 3 at the last follow-up (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Statistical analyses revealed that group 1 and group 2 were similar in terms of side-to-side difference changes in posterior tibial translation on the stress radiographs; however, group 3 was inferior to group 1 and group 2 at the last follow-up (p = 0.022). The clinical results were not significantly different among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Excellent posterior stability and good clinical results were achieved with ALB reconstruction preserving the injured remnant PCL in the acute and subacute stages and remnant PCL tensioning with ALB reconstruction in the chronic stage. The PCL injuries could be surgically corrected with different techniques depending on both the remnant PCL status and the interval between the knee trauma and operation.

Reconstrucción artroscópica de ligamento cruzado posterior. Se compara simple banda y doble banda proximal, ambas técnicas con simple banda a distal / Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Comparison between proximal single and double bundle, both techniques at distal

Introducción: Existe controversia sobre si las reconstrucciones de LCP (ligamento cruzado posterior) doble banda proximal son superiores a la simple banda. Hay pocos estudios clínicos comparativos que lo demuestren. El propósito de este trabajo es comparar grupos homogéneos operados con lesiones aisladas de LCP y preguntarse con cual de las dos técnicas en nuestra casuística se obtuvieron mejores resultados. Material y Métodos: Fueron evaluados los pacientes operados de LCP, por dos de los autores entre el año 2000 y 2009. Se excluyeron pacientes con lesiones ligamentarias asociadas y osteocondrales severas. Se tomaron 40 de los 142 pacientes operados de LCP. Se dividieron en 2 grupos: 20 SB (simple banda) y 20 DB (doble banda), con un seguimiento mínimo de 2 años. Fueron evaluados y comparados con test de Lysholm, IKDC y artrómetro KT 1000. Resultados: En los test de Lysholm e IKDC y en el KT 1000 no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos estudiados. Discusión: Existen pocos trabajos clínicos, y son más los experimentales, que evalúan comparativamente este tipo de lesión, rescatando criterios uniformes con respecto a las lesiones multiligamentarias donde presentan mejores resultados con doble banda, pero todavía hay controversia con las lesiones aisladas de LCP donde los grupos estudiados son muy heterogéneos. Conclusión: Al igual que en los trabajos revisados, las reconstrucciones doble banda femoral y túnel tibial único no presentan ventajas estadísticamente significativas con respecto a las SB en pacientes con lesiones aisladas de LCP, cuando se comparan parámetros subjetivos y objetivos. Diseño del estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV.

Effectiveness of electrical stimulation on rehabilitation after ligament and meniscal injuries: a systematic review / Efetividade da estimulação elétrica na reabilitação pós-lesões ligamentares e meniscais: uma revisão sistemática

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Electrical stimulation (ES) is widely used to strengthen muscles following ligament and meniscal injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ES for rehabilitation after soft tissue injuries of the knee treated surgically or conservatively. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review at the Brazilian Cochrane Center. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2010, Issue 12), Medline (Medical Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed (1966 to December 2010), Embase (Excerpta Medica database, 1980 to December 2010), Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, 1982 to December 2010), and PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database, 1929 to December 2010). The studies included were randomized controlled trials using ES to increase muscle strength for rehabilitation of patients with soft tissue injuries of the knee. Two authors independently evaluated studies for inclusion and performed data extraction and methodological quality assessment. RESULTS: Seventeen studies evaluating ES after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and two studies evaluating ES after meniscectomy were included. There was a statistically significant improvement in quadriceps strength through ES (mean difference, MD: -32.7; 95 percent confidence interval, CI: -39.92 to -25.48; n = 56) and in functional outcomes (MD -7; -12.78 to -1.22; n = 43) six to eight weeks after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that ES coupled with conventional rehabilitation exercises may be effective in improving muscle strength and function two months after surgery.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A estimulação elétrica (ES) é amplamente utilizada para fortalecimento muscular após lesões ligamentares ou meniscais do joelho. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da ES na reabilitação de lesões de tecidos moles do joelho tratadas de forma cirúrgica ou conservadora. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Revisão sistemática no Centro Cochrane do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma busca no Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2010, Issue 12), Medline (Medical Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via PubMed (1966 até dezembro 2010), Embase (Excerpta Medica Database, de 1980 até dezembro 2010), Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, de 1982 até dezembro de 2010), and PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database, de 1929 até dezembro de 2010). Os estudos incluídos foram ensaios clínicos randomizados que utilizaram a ES com o objetivo de aumento de força muscular na reabilitação de pacientes com lesões de tecidos moles. Dois autores avaliaram os estudos para inclusão de forma independente e realizaram a extração de dados e avaliação da qualidade metodológica. RESULTADOS: Dezessete estudos incluídos utilizaram a ES após a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior e dois estudos após meniscectomia. Houve melhora estatisticamente significante na força do quadríceps através da ES (diferença média, MD -32.7; 95 por cento intervalo de confiança, IC -39.92 to -25.48; n = 56) e nos desfechos funcionais (MD -7; -12.78 to -1.22; n = 43), seis a oito semanas após cirurgia de reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. CONCLUSÃO: Há evidências de que a ES combinada a exercícios de reabilitação convencional pode ser efetiva na melhora da força muscular e função dois meses após cirurgia.

Inclinação tibial posterior como fator de risco para lesões dos ligamentos cruzados anterior e posterior do joelho / Tibial slope as a risk factor for injury of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a influência da inclinação posterior da tíbia proximal na incidência de lesões dos ligamentos cruzados anterior e posterior do joelho. Métodos: Foram avaliadas, retrospectivamente, as radiografias pré-operatórias na incidência em perfil com filme longo de joelho de 30 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior e 30 pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado posterior. Para comparação de variáveis categóricas entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste não paramétrico de Quiquadrado de Pearson. Foi assumido valor de a=5% como estatisticamente significante. Resultados: Dos indivíduos com inclinação tibial, £ 4,75% pertenciam ao grupo dos pacientes com lesão do LCP e 71,4% dos indivíduos com inclinação tibial ³ 10 pertenciam ao grupo de pacientes com lesão do LCA. Conclusão: Em indivíduos com valores intermediários de inclinação tibial posterior (5 a 9 graus) parece não haver a influência desta variável nas lesões ligamentares estudadas. Já nos extremos parece haver uma relação, no entanto estudos com maior número de pacientes seriam necessários para confirmar esta hipótese.

Ligamento cruzado posterior: tecnica todo adentro (all inside) / PCL: all inside technique

En los últimos años surgieron varias nuevas técnicas de reconstrucción de Ligamento Cruzado Posterior (LCP), para tratar de reproducir la anatomía normal de ligamento nativo. Además para tratar de disminuir al máximo el dolor post-operatorio y mantener la mecánica normal de la rodilla, utilizamos como injerto para el neo-ligamento, un aloinjerto de tendón de tibial anterior, ya que con este podemos obtener un neo-ligamento del espesor necesario. El propósito de este artículo es el de describir una nueva técnica para reconstrucción de LCP doble banda, con 2 (dos) túneles femorales y 1 (uno) tibial, dichos hoyos los realizamos con la mecha retrograda, descripta por Puddu 2, con la utilización de aloinjerto de tendón de tibial anterior y utilizando un Retrobutton para la fijación a nivel tibial. Describimos una técnica de reconstrucción de LCP doble banda, que puede ser utilizada tanta para reconstrucción primaria, como para revisión. Creemos nosotros que esta técnica simula mejor la anatomía normal de la rodilla en todo su rango de movilidad, es altamente reproducible y baja morbilidad.

Reabilitação pós-operatória dos ligamentos cruzado anterior e posterior: estudo de caso / Postoperative rehabilitation of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments: case study

As lesões ligamentares do joelho estão entre as principais lesões ocorridas nos esportes, sendo raras as lesões combinadas dos ligamentos cruzados e estas lesões normalmente estão associadas com traumas de alta velocidade. Nesses casos a intervenção cirúrgica é necessária devido ao alto nível de instabilidade funcional. OBJETIVO: desenvolver e aplicar um protocolo de reabilitação para pós-operatório de reconstrução dos ligamentos cruzados e registrar a evolução por meio de avaliações periódicas com questionários de função validados. METODOLOGIA: trata-se de um relato de caso de um paciente que foi submetido à reconstrução dos ligamentos cruzados até o retorno ao esporte. Foram realizadas avaliações da capacidade funcional com o uso de questionários (Lysholm e IKDC); amplitude de movimento (goniômetro), lassidão ântero-posterior (artrômetro KT1000TM), força (dinamometria Isocinética) e análises do movimento (marcha e corrida). CONCLUSÃO: o protocolo foi efetivo para melhorar a capacidade funcional, força e retorno seguro ao esporte.

Knee ligament injuries are among the most common sports lesions. However, injuries associated with the cruciate ligaments are rare, and normally occur as a result of high impact traumas. In these cases, surgical intervention is necessary, due to the high level of functional instability. PURPOSE: to develop and apply a postoperative rehabilitation protocol for reconstruction of cruciate ligaments, and to record their evolution by means of regular evaluations with validated functional questionnaires. METHOD: case report of a patient submitted to reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments until return to sports. The functional capacity was evaluated using knee function questionnaires (Lysholm and IKDC); range of movement (goniometer), anteroposterior displacement (arthrometer KT1000TM), strength (isokinetic dynamometer) and movement analyses (walking gait and running gait). CONCLUSION: the protocol was effective for improving functional stability, strength, and a safe return to sports.

A Comparison of Arthroscopically Assisted Single and Double Bundle Tibial Inlay Reconstruction for Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the clinical results of arthroscopically assisted single and double bundle tibial inlay reconstructions of an isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury. METHODS: This study reviewed the data for 14 patients who underwent a single bundle tibial inlay PCL reconstruction (Group A) and 16 patients who underwent a double bundle tibial inlay PCL reconstruction (Group B) between August 1999 and August 2002. The mean follow-up period in groups A and B was 90.5 months and 64 months, respectively. RESULTS: The Lysholm knee scores in groups A and B increased from an average of 43.3 +/- 7.04 and 44.7 +/- 5.02 preoperatively to 88.1 +/- 7.32 and 88.7 +/- 9.11 points at the final follow-up, respectively. In group A, stress radiography using a Telos device showed that the preoperative mean side-to-side differences (SSDs) of 9.5 +/- 1.60 mm at 30degrees of flexion and 9.8 +/- 1.70 mm at 90degrees of flexion were improved to 2.8 +/- 1.19 mm and 3.0 +/- 1.1 mm, respectively. In group B, the preoperative SSDs of 10.4 +/- 1.50 mm at 30degrees of flexion and 10.7 +/- 1.60 mm at 90degrees of flexion improved to 2.7 +/- 1.15 mm and 2.6 +/- 0.49 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference in the clinical scores and radiologic findings between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Single bundle and double bundle PCL reconstructions using the tibial inlay technique give satisfactory clinical results in patients with an isolated PCL injury, and there are no significant differences in the clinical and radiological results between the two techniques. These results suggest that it is unnecessary to perform the more technically challenging double bundle reconstruction using the tibial inlay technique in an isolated PCL injury.

Avaliação clínica de artroplastias totais de joelho com preservação e sacrifício do ligamento cruzado posterior / Clinical evaluation of total knee arthroplasties with posterior cruciate ligament retain and sacrifice

A artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ) pode ser realizada com preservação ou sacrifício do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP). Os autores realizaram estudo prospectivo, aleatório e duplo-cego com 85 pacientes submetidos a ATJ. O LCP foi sacrificado em 49 pacientes e preservado em 36 pacientes. Os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente pelo protocolo da Sociedade Internacional de Joelho (Knee society score ? KSS) no pré-operatório e após a cirurgia com seis semanas, três meses, seis meses e após um ano. O seguimento médio foi de 15,8 meses. Os autores encontraram melhora significante dos valores do KSS do pré-operatório até a avaliação de seis meses (p<0,001). O resultado se estabilizou a partir daí (p=0,718). Não houve diferença clínica entre os dois tipos de prótese em qualquer dos períodos avaliados.